Resources
Sources (38)
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D.M. Murphy, M. Abou-Ghanem, D.J. Cziczo, K.D. Froyd, J. Jacquot, M.J. Lawler, C. Maloney, J.M.C. Plane, M.N. Ross, G.P. Schill, & X. Shen, Metals from spacecraft reentry in stratospheric aerosol particles, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 120 (43) e23
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Due Diligence in the EU Batteries Regulation (Developed for the OECD)
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ECSS-E-ST-20-08C Rev.2 (Photovoltaic assemblies and components)
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ECSS-E-ST-31-02C Rev.1 (Space Engineering - Two-phase heat transport equipment)
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ECSS-Q-ST-70C Rev.2 – Materials, mechanical parts and processes
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ESA Clean Space Initiative
European Space Agency programme targeting environmental sustainability in space activities. -
ESSB-ST-U-007 (ESA Space Debris Mitigation Working Group)
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Ferreira, J. P., Huang, Z., Nomura, K.-i., & Wang, J. (2024). Potential ozone depletion from satellite demise during atmospheric reentry in the era of mega-constellations. Geophysical Research Letters, 51, e2024GL109280.
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IADC Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines
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ISO 17546:2024 Space systems — Lithium ion battery for space vehicles — Design and verification requirements
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ISO 23312:2022 (Space Systems - Detailed space debris mitigation requirements for spacecraft)
Technical International (Soft) 14 Jul 2022 -
ISO 24113 — Space Debris Mitigation
This document defines the primary space debris mitigation requirements applicable to all elements of unmanned systems launched into, or passing through, near-Earth space, including launch vehicle orbital stages, operating spacecraft and any objects released as part of normal operations.
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ISO Standard 14044:2006 Environmental management - Life cycle assessment
Technical International -
ITU Radio Regulations
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ITU Radio Regulations
International treaty governing the global use of radio-frequency spectrum and satellite orbits.Legal International -
JASON report on the impact of megaconstellations
The U.S. National Science Foundation commissioned a study by the independent science advisory group JASON to assess the impact of current and planned large satellite constellations on astronomical observations in 2020.
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JASON Simplified Collision Model python notebook
Make plots using the JASON simplified collision model This reproduces Fig. 20 of the JASON report on megaconstellations
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Journal of Space Safety Engineering
Peer-reviewed academic journal covering safety aspects of space activities.Academic -
Life cycle engineering of space systems: Preliminary findings
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Lithium-ion battery recycling—a review of the material supply and policy infrastructure
Tembo, P. M., C. Dyer, and V. Subramanian. “Lithium-ion battery recycling—a review of the material supply and policy infrastructure.” NPG Asia Materials 16.1 (2024): 43.
Academic -
Maloney, C. M., Portmann, R. W., Ross, M. N., & Rosenlof, K. H. (2022). The climate and ozone impacts of black carbon emissions from global rocket launches. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 127, e2021JD036373.
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Maloney, C. M., Portmann, R. W., Ross, M. N., & Rosenlof, K. H. (2025). Investigating the potential atmospheric accumulation and radiative impact of the coming increase in satellite reentry frequency. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 130, e20
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NASA Crewed Space Vehicle Battery Safety Requirement
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NASA-STD-8719.14C (Process for limiting Orbital Debris)
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NASA Technical Report: Satellite End-of-Life Best Practices
Technical report detailing recommended approaches for satellite decommissioning.Technical -
NASA/TM-2009-215751 - Guidelines on Lithium-ion Battery Use in Space Applications
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National Primary Drinking Water Regulation for Perchlorate
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NOAA-17 Break-up Engineering Investigation
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Outer Space Treaty (1967)
Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space.Legal International -
REACH Regulation (EC 1907/2006)
EU regulation on Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals. Hydrazine (EC 206-114-9) added to the SVHC Candidate List on 20 June 2011; CLP carcinogen category 1B. Not yet transferred to Annex XIV
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Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 July 2023 concerning batteries and waste batteries
Requirements and Specifications (including recycling efficiency, reusability, performance and durability, recycled content specifications, digital battery passports, data on dismantling, etc.) in this Regulation covers terrestrial use, but does not apply for outer space as per Article 1(5)
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Regulation (EU) 2024/1252 (CRMA) ( establishing a framework for ensuring a secure and sustainable supply of critical raw materials)
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Ryan, R. G., Marais, E. A., Balhatchet, C. J., & Eastham, S. D. (2022). Impact of rocket launch and space debris air pollutant emissions on stratospheric ozone and global climate. Earth's Future, 10, e2021EF002612.
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Satellite battery life cycle
An overview of the satellite battery life cycle that feeds into the Toolkit
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The Space Industry Act 2018
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UN Manual of Tests and Criteria Rev.8 (2023) and Amendment 1 to Rev.8 (2025)
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UN recommendations on transport of batteries
UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, Manual of Tests and Criteria Part III subsection 38.3: ‘Miscellaneous dangerous goods’ including UN 3090, Lithium metal batteries; UN 3480, Lithium-ion batteries; UN 3551, Sodium ion batteries with organic electrolyte.
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UN Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines
United Nations guidelines for mitigating space debris in Earth orbits.
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