Launch
The launch event itself, including ignition, ascent through the atmosphere, and orbital insertion. This is the most energy-intensive phase and produces significant atmospheric emissions and noise pollution.
3 components
Risks (3)
Alumina particle emissions
HighSolid rocket boosters release alumina particles that catalyse ozone destruction in the upper atmosphere.
1 obligation2 opportunitiesBlack carbon deposition in stratosphere
HighRocket exhaust deposits black carbon particles in the stratosphere, absorbing solar radiation and contributing to localised warming and ozone depletion.
1 obligation2 opportunitiesLaunch site soil contamination
MediumSpillage of propellants and combustion byproducts contaminate soil and groundwater at launch facilities.
1 obligation2 opportunitiesNo risks match the current filters.