High

Environmental degradation

Batteries are typically made of lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide, or lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide which are limited natural resources

Lithium-ion battery recycling—a review of the material supply and policy infrastructure

Lithium-ion battery recycling—a review of the material supply and policy infrastructure Academic

Tembo, P. M., C. Dyer, and V. Subramanian. “Lithium-ion battery recycling—a review of the material supply and policy infrastructure.” NPG Asia Materials 16.1 (2024): 43.

Components

Batteries

Lifecycle Stages

Satellite Design Satellite Manufacturing Operational Deployment End of Life

Environmental Concerns

Ground Contamination